The 2021 Census looked for the first time at the level of incidence of selected long-term health conditions in the community. The Census question asked respondents if they have been diagnosed with a specific condition (or other condition) from a list of ten conditions plus "other". Combined, these ten conditions comprise approximately 60% of Australia's deaths, and even those which are not deadly contribute substantially to the burden of disease.

It is well known that socio-economic factors also contribute to morbidity and health outcomes, with lower-socio economic characteristics correlated with higher incidence of some health conditions. The inclusion of this topic in the Census enables these factors to be explored in more detail.

Also, in society, health conditions tend to increase with age. For these reasons, it is recommended that long-term health conditions data for be viewed at in conjunction with age structure, household income, educational qualifications, and need for assistance datasets, along with the SEIFA index of disadvantage.